Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Potential of Lantana camara with special Reference to Syrup Formulation
Bramhane Omkar Bapurao, Waghmare Sweeti Mohan
Swastyadarpan Pratishthan’s, Shantiniketan College of Pharmacy,
A/P Dhotre (B.K.), Tal. Parner, Ahmednagar, Maharastra – 414304, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: omkarbramhane3@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Lantana camara Linn., a member of the Verbenaceae family, is a widely distributed ornamental and medicinal plant found throughout tropical and subtropical regions. Originally native to the Americas, it has naturalized across India and other countries, earning recognition as both an invasive weed and a potent medicinal herb. The plant exhibits diverse pharmacological activities due to its rich phytochemical composition, which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Traditionally, Lantana camara has been utilized to treat ailments such as cough, cold, fever, rheumatism, wounds, and skin infections. Various plant parts—leaves, roots, flowers, and bark—exhibit significant antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiulcer properties. The present review aims to formulate and evaluate a herbal syrup of Lantana camara for potential therapeutic use in respiratory diseases. The study focuses on extraction and phytochemical screening, formulation using suitable excipients, evaluation of syrup stability and activity, pharmacological assessment for antitussive effects, and toxicity analysis to ensure safety. Owing to its broad spectrum of biological activities and natural abundance, Lantana camara offers immense potential as a source of novel herbal formulations. This review consolidates existing literature on its taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and traditional uses to provide a scientific basis for future research and therapeutic applications of Lantana camara-based formulations.
KEYWORDS: Lantana Camara, Verbenaceae, Herbal Syrup, Phytochemical Screening, Antitussive Activity, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, Traditional Medicine.
INTRODUCTION:
Medicinal plants have been an integral part of human civilization since ancient times, serving as valuable sources of therapeutic agents1. Among these, Lantana camara Linn., belonging to the family Verbenaceae, holds a unique position due to its dual nature—being both an ornamental plant and a potent medicinal species2. Originally native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, Lantana camara has now naturalized across Asia, Africa, and Australia3. In India, it is commonly used as a decorative hedge plant but is also known for its wide range of pharmacological properties. Despite being classified as an invasive weed in many parts of the world, its medicinal potential has gained increasing attention in recent years4.
The plant is a small, aromatic shrub that typically grows up to two meters in height and is easily identified by its square stems, opposite leaves, and colorful clusters of tubular flowers5. The name “Lantana” is derived from the Latin word lento, meaning “to bend,” reflecting the plant’s flexible stems. It was first described and given its botanical identity by Linnaeus in 17536. Over time, the plant has been studied for its rich phytochemical profile, which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds—each contributing to its diverse biological activities.7
Traditionally, different parts of Lantana camara have been used in indigenous medicine systems for treating cough, cold, fever, skin infections, wounds, and rheumatism8. The leaves are known for their antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, while the roots have been employed in the management of gastrointestinal and rheumatic disorders9. The flowers and bark are also used in folk medicine for treating respiratory ailments and leprous ulcers, respectively. Scientific studies have validated many of these traditional uses, confirming its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiulcerogenic properties10.
Despite its well-documented medicinal potential, the therapeutic use of Lantana camara remains limited due to lack of standardized formulations and toxicity concerns at higher doses11. The current study aims to bridge this gap by formulating and evaluating a herbal syrup prepared from Lantana camara extract for potential use in respiratory disorders. The syrup formulation provides a palatable and convenient dosage form, particularly suited for pediatric and geriatric patients.12
OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of this review is to formulate and evaluate a herbal syrup prepared from Lantana camara Linn. extract for potential therapeutic application, especially in the management of respiratory disorders such as cough and cold. This work aims to explore the pharmacological significance of Lantana camara by integrating traditional medicinal knowledge with scientific validation through systematic formulation, evaluation, and safety studies.13.
1. Extraction and Phytochemical Screening: To extract the bioactive compounds from Lantana camara using suitable solvents and conduct phytochemical tests to identify the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids14.
2. Formulation of Herbal Syrup: To prepare a stable, palatable herbal syrup using appropriate excipients such as sweeteners, preservatives, and flavoring agents that enhance acceptability and shelf life15.
3. Evaluation of Syrup: To assess the formulated syrup for physicochemical parameters, phytochemical stability, and storage compatibility under various conditions16.
4. Pharmacological Evaluation: To test the antitussive activity of the formulation using suitable experimental models, confirming its therapeutic potential in respiratory ailments17.
5. Toxicity and Safety Studies: To ensure the safety of the formulation by conducting toxicity tests and confirming its non-toxic nature at therapeutic doses18.
Overview:
Lantana camara has gained significant importance in herbal medicine due to its wide spectrum of biological activities and abundance of phytoconstituents19. The plant’s leaves, flowers, and roots are rich in bioactive compounds such as triterpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which exhibit strong pharmacological effects. Studies have demonstrated its antioxidant activity that helps neutralize free radicals, antimicrobial properties effective against various bacterial and fungal strains, and anti-inflammatory effects that reduce tissue swelling and pain. The plant also exhibits antihyperglycemic and antiulcerogenic activities, indicating its potential in managing chronic diseases like diabetes and gastric ulcers20.
Moreover, Lantana camara’s antioxidant capacity helps protect tissues from oxidative stress, a factor linked to several degenerative diseases. Its antitussive and respiratory benefits, supported by traditional medicine, form the foundation for the current research focus on syrup formulation21. Developing a herbal syrup provides a practical dosage form that ensures easier administration, better taste, and increased patient compliance22. It also allows uniform dispersion of the plant’s phytoconstituents, improving bioavailability and stability. Through proper formulation and standardization, the therapeutic potential of Lantana camara can be harnessed effectively in modern phytotherapy.
Description of Lantana Camara:
There are many texts Available with Detailed Description of Lantana A Line Drawing Displaying the key features of a square steam in cross-section, recurved steams, paired complex flowers arising from exiles23.
Traditional Use:
· Decoctions of leaves: Cough, Cold, Fever
· Roots: Used for Stomach Disorder, Rheumatism24
· Paste of Leaves: Woumd Healing, Skin Infection
· Roots: Used for Stomach Disorder, Rheumatism
· Flowers: Used in Folk Remedies for Respiratory Disease25
Fig. 1: Pattern of Flowers, Leaves and Seeds of Lantana Camara
Uses of Lantana Camara
Part Use:
· Plant Flowers: Act as hedge Plant, provide perch sites and cover nectar source for butterflies and moths26
· Bark: Astringent and used as a lotion in cutiginous eruptions, leprous ulcers
· Stalks: - Raw material for paper pulp which is used for wrapping, writing and printing paper. Making baskets and temporary shelters. Used as Biofuel.
· Leaves: - Boiled and used for swelling and pain in the body. Alkaloidal fractions lower blood pressure, accelerate deeprespiration and stimulate intestinal movements.
· Plants Extract: - Drought-tolerant plant so good candidates for xeriscaping. Employed in the folk drug for the treatment of cancers, chicken pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure, bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism and malaria 27 OP+`
Fig. No.2: Organization of Lantana Camara
Taxonomy:
· Kingdom: Planate;
· Division: Magnoliophyta
· Class: Magnoliopsida;
· Order: Lamiales;
· Family: Verbenaceae;
· Genus: Lantana;
· Species: Lantana camara Linn28.
Phytochemistry:
Lantana camara has therapeutic activity due to the presence of natural agents, the greater part of their activity is due to bioactive compounds namely saponins, alkaloids, tannin, anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones, flavonoids, coumarins, lignans, catechins, iso-catechins, and triterpenoids29.
Table No. 1 Information of Lantana camara
|
Name |
Lantana camara |
|
Synonyms 1 |
Lantana aculeate Camara vulgaris Lantana armata Lantana scabrida Lantana tiliifolia |
|
Regional Name 2 |
Maharashtra- Ghaneri, Tantani West Bengal- Putush Kerala - Kongini Assam - Gu phool Manipur - Thirei Nepal – Banfada Hindi Name- Caturang Kannada- Kadu gulabi, Chitrangi, Hunnigida Sanskrit Name- Nadibhallataka Oria Name- Nagaboyari, Naguari Telugu Name- Pulikampa, Gabbuseeki |
|
Botanical Name |
Lantana camara |
|
Family |
Verbenaceae |
|
Genus |
Lantanas |
|
Useful part |
Leaves, Flowers, Roots, Seeds, Ash |
|
Phytoconstituents |
Steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, quinones, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and phenols. |
|
Biologically active Components |
13-docosenamide, alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid, cyclo(L-prolyl-L-valine), and 2,5-piperazinedione (30) |
|
Vitamins |
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E |
Lantana camara is an evergreen flowering shrub that grows up to 2 meters tall and is recognized for its vibrant flower clusters. Despite being considered invasive in several countries, the plant has gained attention for its significant medicinal and pharmacological importance. The leaves, flowers, and roots contain essential oils and secondary metabolites responsible for its broad therapeutic potential31.
Pharmacological Significance:
Phytochemical investigations reveal that Lantana camara possesses triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides which contribute to its biological activities 32. Studies have shown its extracts to have potent antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Bacillus subtilis. Its antioxidant activity, demonstrated through DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays, helps in reducing oxidative stress, thereby preventing cellular damage. Additionally, its methanolic extract exhibits hypoglycemic and antiulcerogenic effects in animal models, supporting its use in managing diabetes and gastric disorders.
Toxicological Aspects:
Although pharmacologically active, certain components of Lantana camara can be toxic in high doses, particularly to livestock. Hence, toxicity evaluation is crucial before therapeutic application.33.
THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES:
A) Antibacterial Activity:
It is While Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureus, Víbriocholareae, and two multi-resistant strains of S. aureus and E. coli were all susceptible to the extracts' show in antimicrobial activity, ethanolic extracts of L. camara roots and leaves showed strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and P. aeruginosa. The leaf extract of L. camara showed the highest effectiveness against Gram-positive Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative Salmonella typhi. In the antibacterial Activity.34
B) Anti-inflammatory Activity:
Lantana camara plant has compounds in its leaves. that possess anti-inflammatory many qualities35. The anti-inflammatory qualities of betel leaf extract are thought to be caused by the presence of flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins. By inhibiting capillary permeability and the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which reduces the production of prostaglandins, flavonoids reduce the inflammation. Furthermore, lysosomal enzymes, which mediate inflammation, are suppressed by flavonoids. By inhibiting these inflammatory mediators, the inflammatory process's progression can be stopped.
C) Antihyperglycemic Activity:
In rats with alloxan-induced diabetes, methanol extract of L. Camara leaves had antihyperglycemic effects. When L. Camara leaf methanol extract (400mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to rats with alloxan-induced diabetes, the blood glucose level dropped to 121.94mg/dl.36 The methanol extract of L. Camara fruits was tested for its hypoglycemic potential in Wistar albino rats, which are rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Serum glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats decreased dose-dependently when extract therapy was administered at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight. Following extract treatment, improvements were also noted in liver cell regeneration, body weight, and hba1c profile.
D) Antioxidant Activity:
The ethanolic extract of L. Camara showed strong antioxidant activity in in-vivo tests. The injection of the extract decreased the level of lipid peroxidation in the kidneys of the urolithic rats37. The in vitro tests were conducted using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the Nitric oxide free radical scavenging assay. The extract showed excellent antioxidant properties in both experiments.
E) Antifungal Activity:
The medicinal herb L. camara possesses strong antifungal properties38. Alternaria sp., a dangerous fungus that makes vegetables sick, was used to test the antifungal properties. The antifungal activity was tested using three distinct extract concentrations—10mg/ml, 15mg/ml, and 20mg/ml—using the food poison plate method. The plant showed significant antifungal effectiveness against Alternaria sp. at 20mg/ml.
F) Antiulcerogenic Activity:
Rats' stomach ulcers caused by aspirin, ethanol, and cold-resistant stress were all prevented by the methanol extract of L. Camara leaves39. Rats that received pretreatment with the extract (200 and 400mg/kg body weight) were considerably shielded from ulcers brought on by ethanol, aspirin, and cold stress. In every animal, the extract demonstrated dose-dependent antiulcerogenic effectiveness.
Pharmaceutical Formulation of Lantana Camara:
Table No.2 - Pharmaceutical Formulation of Lantana camara
|
Sr. No. |
Pharmaceutical Formulation |
Extracts |
Therapeutic Properties |
Authors |
|
1 |
Topical Gel |
Leaves |
Anti-inflammatory |
Pawar et al. (2013) |
|
2 |
Cream |
Leaves |
Anti-itching agent |
Rathod et al. (2024) |
|
3 |
Herbal Oil |
Leaves |
Anti-inflammatory |
Liu Dongfeng et al. (2015 |
|
4 |
Emulgel |
Leaves |
Wound healing |
Sultana et al. (2016) |
|
5 |
Candy |
Leaves |
Hemorrhoid |
Khadgale et al. (2024) |
|
6 |
Microspheres |
Leaves |
Antithrombin, Thrombolytic |
Smita et al. (2023) |
|
7 |
Oral suspension |
Leaves, Flowers |
Anti-tussive |
Usmari et al. (2020) |
|
8 |
Gel |
Flower |
Mosquito repellant |
Jadhav et al. (2024) |
|
9 |
Silver nanoparticles [ |
Leaves |
Anti bacterial |
Prakash et al(2021) |
|
10 |
Handwash |
Leaves |
Washing and cleaning hands |
Bhor et al (2018) |
|
11 |
Transdermal Patches |
Leaves |
Wound Healing |
Magfirh et al (2022) |
|
12 |
Natural colorant |
Flower |
Colorant for food, juices etc |
Annegowda et al (2020 |
|
13 |
Ointment [ |
Flower |
Alternative of Povidone iodine which has wound healing action |
Satyajit et al. (2017) |
Formulation Prospects:
The development of a herbal syrup from Lantana camara aims to deliver its bioactive components in an easily consumable, stable, and effective dosage form. Incorporating suitable natural excipients and stabilizers will enhance the formulation’s palatability, shelf life, and therapeutic efficacy, particularly for respiratory ailments such as cough and cold.
FUTURE SCOPE:
Further studies focusing on isolation of specific active compounds, mechanism of action, clinical validation, and dosage standardization are essential. The exploration of Lantana camara as a natural, safe, and cost-effective herbal alternative can contribute significantly to modern phytotherapeutic drug development.
CONCLUSION:
This review on ecology and use of Lantana camara highlights its biomass productivity, reproductive biology, invasiveness, allelopathy, eradication measures and economic Ecology and Use of Lantana camara in India 125 uses reported from India.
Much has been done on the chemical, mechanical and biological control of the species without identifying the target sites and prioritizing the same. Given the ecological value of the native community, preventing detrimental impacts of invasion is of utmost importance. Early detection is the most effective way to reduce the impact of such species.
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Received on 07.11.2025 Revised on 13.12.2025 Accepted on 09.01.2026 Published on 21.04.2026 Available online from April 24, 2026 Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2026; 18(2):201-206. DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2026.00027 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
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